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Antitoxins (4):
Recent article
Antitoxins
Abstract
We report that L56A, a PA-binding-affinity-elevated mutant of sTEM8, could inhibit anthrax intoxication as effectively as sCMG2 in Fisher 344 rats. Additionally, pharmacokinetics showed that L56A and sTEM8 exhibit advantages over sCMG2 with better lung-targeting and longer plasma retention time, whi...
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PMID: 21674060
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
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Abstract
We utilized this relevant animal model to investigate the safety and immunogenicity of a triple mutant of SEB carrying the amino acid changes L45R, Y89A, and Y94A. This recombinant mutant SEB (rmSEB) did not possess superantigen activity in pig lymphocyte cultures. Furthermore, rmSEB was unable to c...
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PMID: 20554806
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Journal of Virology (84)16 2010
Abstract
Viral vectors based on influenza virus, rabies virus (RV), and vaccinia virus (VV) were used to express large polypeptide segments derived from the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA). For the infectious influenza virus vector and recombinant VV constructs, the receptor binding domain (RBD or...
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PMID: 20504926
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Regulation of phenotypic variability by a threshold-based mechanism underlies bacterial persistence.
Abstract
We present a detailed study of the toxin-antitoxin module implicated in antibiotic persistence of Escherichia coli. We find that bacterial cells become dormant if the toxin level is higher than a threshold, and that the amount by which the threshold is exceeded determines the duration of dormancy. F...
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PMID: 20616060
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
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PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
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PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
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PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Molecular Microbiology (77)1 2010
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the alpha-proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE-superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A syst...
|
PMID: 20487277
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Journal of Bacteriology (192)14 2010
Abstract
We show that the chromosome of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, carries 10 putative TA modules and two solitary antitoxins that belong to five different TA families (HigBA, HicAB, RelEB, Phd/Doc, and MqsRA). Two of these toxin genes (higB2 and hicA1) could not be cloned in Escherichia...
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PMID: 20472800
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
When induced to express, Slr0664 showed cell toxicity leading to cell growth suppression or death. However, cells could grow normally if both H6-Ssr1114 and Slr0664 were induced to co-express. We could purify both H6-Ssr1114 and Slr0664 by His-Bind under native conditions, but only H4-Ssr1114 could...
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PMID: 20687338
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We present an alternative strategy in which the native genes encoding Hc proteins of botulinum toxins A, B, and E were used to express the recombinant Hc fragments in a cell-free expression system. We used the unique property of this open system to introduce different combinations of chaperone syste...
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PMID: 20357058
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Three patients with extensive necrotizing pneumonia due to Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains and with aggravating factors (leukopenia count of less than 3x10(9)/liter in all three cases and hemoptysis in two cases) were successfully treated with toxin-suppressing age...
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PMID: 20129956
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Journal of Molecular Biology (397)4 2010
Abstract
We created a library of non-immune llama single-domain VHH (camelid heavy-chain variable region derived from heavy-chain-only antibody) antibodies displayed on the surface of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Library selection on BoNT/A Lc yielded 15 yeast-displayed VHH with equilibrium dissociati...
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PMID: 20138889
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We describe two Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium aroA vaccine strains expressing a nontoxic plasmid-encoded derivative of Stx2 (Stx2DeltaAB) containing the complete nontoxic A2 subunit and the receptor binding B subunit. The two S. Typhimurium strains differ in the expression of flagellin, th...
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PMID: 20147499
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Microbiology (156)Pt 4 2010
Abstract
Abstract
We also confirmed the genetic linkage of vanA to unknown transferable replicons. PCR-based replicon typing, linked to the detection of other important plasmid-encoded traits, seems to be a feasible tool for tracing disseminating resistance plasmids stably maintained in various environments....
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PMID: 20015231
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Epidemiology and Infection (138)2 2010
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the pertussis immunity status of primary and secondary school students in a district of Ankara, Turkey. A total of 997 healthy students, aged 9-17 years, who had been immunized with four doses of whole-cell pertussis vaccine were included in the study. The subjects were divid...
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PMID: 19580694
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
A term neonate was born to a mother who had consumed an organophosphorus compound with suicidal intent 50 hours before delivery. At birth, the infant showed signs and symptoms of organophosphorus poisoning and was treated with atropine and pralidoxime to which she responded well. Unfortunately, the...
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PMID: 20522300
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde (134)19 2009
Abstract
Symptoms, diagnosis and therapy of equine botulism are discussed by the presentation of two detailed reports of horses with neurological symptoms and the results of laboratory investigations over the period 2003-2008 in the Netherlands. In addition a brief summary of the available literature is pres...
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PMID: 19891336
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins, predominantly serotypes C and D, cause equine botulism through forage poisoning. The C-terminal part of the heavy chain of botulinum neurotoxin types C and D (HcBoNT/C and D) was expressed in Escherichia coli and evaluated as a recombinant mono- and bivalent vaccine in twelve...
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PMID: 19646409
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) has long been considered a critical toxin in severe Staphylococcus aureus infection. PVL presumably breaches the body's defense system by lysing human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). Recently, however, bioactive peptides--phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs)--have been pr...
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PMID: 19653829
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence and correlates of diphtheria and tetanus in Edirne, Turkey. Tetanus and diphtheria antitoxin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Among 99 participants, a diphtheria antitoxin level of >or=0.1 IU/mL was found in 97 (98%...
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PMID: 19628904
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Molecular Microbiology (71)5 2009
Abstract
We determined the mode of action of the YafQ toxin of the DinJ-YafQ TA system. YafQ expression resulted in inhibition of translation, but not transcription or replication. Purified YafQ exhibited robust ribonuclease activity in vitro that was specifically blocked by the addition of DinJ. However, Ya...
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PMID: 19210620
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Biochemical Society transactions (37)Pt 1 2009
Abstract
TA (toxin-antitoxin) loci are ubiquitous in prokaryotic micro-organisms, including archaea, yet their physiological function is largely unknown. For example, preliminary reports have suggested that TA loci are microbial stress-response elements, although it was recently shown that knocking out all k...
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PMID: 19143615
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We describe an improved selection approach and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody, F2, which is capable of binding BoNT/B with high specificity and displays neutralizing activity in an in vitro cell-based assay. Through surface plasmon resonance studies, we have determined its associati...
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PMID: 19112017
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
A simplified method for the purification of cholera toxin was developed. The 569B strain of Vibrio cholerae, a recognized hyper-producer of cholera toxin, was propagated in a bioreactor under conditions that promote the production of the toxin. The toxin was separated from the bacterial cells using...
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PMID: 19190416
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We investigated the anti-hemorrhagic effects of Mouriri pusa Gardn. (Melastomataceae), Byrsonima crassa Niedenzu (Malpighiaceae), Davilla elliptica St. Hill. (Dilleniaceae) and Strychnos pseudoquina St. Hil. (Loganiaceae) against Bothrops jararaca venom. The methanolic extracts from M. pusa (leaves)...
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PMID: 19305361
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Infection and Immunity (77)1 2009
Abstract
We completed a series of in vivo experiments using a murine aerosol challenge model and a collection of in-frame deletion mutants lacking toxin components. Our data show that after aerosol exposure to Bacillus anthracis spores, anthrax lethal toxin was required for outgrowth of bacilli in the draini...
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PMID: 18955474
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for two main clinical presentations in humans: suppurative infections and toxigenic diseases. A small percentage of S. aureus strains secrete Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). This toxin is implicated in skin infections, furunculosis, osteoarticular infections,...
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PMID: 19054638
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
I toxin-antitoxin loci have been identified, but it is predicted that many remain to be found. Already their characterization has given insights into regulation by small RNAs, has suggested functions for the small toxic proteins at the cell membrane, and has led to practical applications for some of...
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PMID: 19052321
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
A novel putative toxin-antitoxin segregational stability system named KyAB system was identified in a novel native plasmid pBMB8240 from Bacillus thuringiensis strain YBT-1520, based on sequences homology with other toxin-antitoxin systems, the lethal activity of the KyB putative toxin in Escherichi...
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PMID: 18955810
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Infection and Immunity (76)10 2008
Abstract
We have developed a mouse model of HUS by administering endotoxin-free Stx2 in multiple doses over 7 to 8 days. At sacrifice, moribund animals demonstrated signs of HUS: increased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels, proteinuria, deposition of fibrin(ogen), glomerular endothelial damage,...
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PMID: 18694970
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
FEBS Letters (582)21-22 2008
Abstract
We report a toxin-antitoxin (TA) operon talAB identified from the Gram-positive bacterium Leifsonia xyli subsp. cynodontis. It is shown that talB encodes a broad-host cytotoxin functioning in different Gram-positive bacteria, while talA encodes its antidote. TalA and TalB form different hetero-oligo...
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PMID: 18722371
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
These results demonstrate that a functional immune response against M. haemolytica can be induced by vaccination with recombinant chimeric proteins created from specific immunogenic regions of the LKT and PlpE proteins....
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PMID: 18675308
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
BioTechniques (45)3 2008
Abstract
Abstract
Poor absorption of protein antigens through the mucosal membranes necessitates the use of mucoadhesive delivery systems. Regarding the advantages of mucosal immunization and also the penetration enhancement potential of dextran microspheres, in this study the adjuvant potential of these microspheres...
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PMID: 18538516
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Many multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens harbor large plasmids that encode proteins conferring resistance to antibiotics. Although the acquisition of these plasmids often enables bacteria to survive in the presence of antibiotics, it is possible that plasmids also represent a vulnerability that c...
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PMID: 18625335
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Journal of Biological Chemistry (283)28 2008
Abstract
We elucidated the mechanism of the interaction between the polycyclic ethers and the antibody. 10C9 Fab has an extraordinarily large and deep binding pocket at the center of the variable region, where CTX3C-ABCD or CTX3C-ABCDE binds longitudinally in the pocket via hydrogen bonds and van der Waals i...
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PMID: 18463096
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Abstract
Bisubstrate analog inhibitors in which a nicotinamide mimic is attached to a series of structurally diversified guanidines (arginine mimics) were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of cholera toxin. The mechanism-based bisubstrate inhibitors were up to 1400-fold more potent than the natural su...
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PMID: 18515100
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Glycopeptide resistant Enterococcus faecium (GREF) persists on Norwegian poultry farms despite the ban on the growth promoter avoparcin. The biological basis for long-term persistence of avoparcin resistance is not fully understood. This study presents the complete DNA sequence of the E. faecium R-p...
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PMID: 18511120
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Journal of Bacteriology (190)13 2008
Abstract
We show that the chromosomally encoded Erwinia chrysanthemi ccd (control of cell death) (ccd(Ech)) system indeed protects the cell against postsegregational killing mediated by its F-plasmid ccd (ccd(F)) homologue. Moreover, competition experiments have shown that this system confers a fitness advan...
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PMID: 18441063
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.